@article {2015ApJ...799...11X, title = {{ALMA Observations of Warm Dense Gas in NGC 1614 - Breaking of the Star Formation Law in the Central Kiloparsec}}, journal = {The Astrophysical Journal}, volume = {799}, year = {2015}, month = {jan}, pages = {11}, abstract = {We present ALMA Cycle-0 observations of the CO (6-5) line emission and of the 435 {$μ$}m dust continuum emission in the central kiloparsec of NGC 1614, a local luminous infrared galaxy at a distance of 67.8 Mpc (1$\{$$^{\prime \prime }$$\}$= 329 pc). The CO emission is well resolved by the ALMA beam (0.{\textquoteright}{\textquoteright}26 {\times} 0.{\textquoteright}{\textquoteright}20) into a circumnuclear ring, with an integrated flux of f $_{ CO(6-5)}$ = 898 ({\plusmn} 153) Jy km s$^{-1}$, which is 63({\plusmn} 12)\% of the total CO (6-5) flux measured by Herschel. The molecular ring, located between 100 pc {\l}t} r {\l}t} 350 pc from the nucleus, looks clumpy and includes seven unresolved (or marginally resolved) knots with median velocity dispersion of \~{}40 km s$^{-1}$. These knots are associated with strong star formation regions with {$Σ$}$_{SFR}$ \~{} 100 M $_{\&sun;}$ yr$^{-1}$ kpc$^{-2}$ and {$Σ$} $_{Gas}${\tilde} 10$^{4}$ $\{$M$\}$\_{\sun} pc$^{-2}$. The non-detections of the nucleus in both the CO (6-5) line emission and the 435 {$μ$}m continuum rule out, with relatively high confidence, a Compton-thick active galactic nucleus in NGC 1614. Comparisons with radio continuum emission show a strong deviation from an expected local correlation between {$Σ$}$_{Gas}$ and {$Σ$}$_{SFR}$, indicating a breakdown of the Kennicutt-Schmidt law on the linear scale of \~{}100 pc. The National Radio Astronomy Observatory is a facility of the National Science Foundation operated under cooperative agreement by Associated Universities, Inc.}, keywords = {galaxies: active, galaxies: evolution, galaxies: general, galaxies: interactions, galaxies: ISM, galaxies: magnetic fields, galaxies: nuclei, galaxies: starburst, submillimeter: galaxies}, doi = {10.1088/0004-637X/799/1/11}, url = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015ApJ...799...11X}, author = {Xu, C.~K. and Cao, C. and Lu, N. and Gao, Y. and Diaz-Santos, T. and R. Herrero-Illana and Meijerink, R. and Privon, G. and Zhao, Y.-H. and Evans, A.~S. and K{\"o}nig, S. and Mazzarella, J.~M. and Aalto, S. and Appleton, P. and Armus, L. and Charmandaris, V. and Chu, J. and Haan, S. and Inami, H. and Murphy, E.~J. and Sanders, D.~B. and Schulz, B. and van der Werf, P.} } @article {213, title = {{High-resolution imaging of the molecular outflows in two mergers: IRAS 17208-0014 and NGC 1614}}, journal = {Astronomy \& Astrophysics}, volume = {580}, year = {2015}, pages = {A35}, keywords = {galaxies: individual: IRAS 17208-0014, galaxies: individual: NGC1614, galaxies: ISM, galaxies: kinematics and dynamics, galaxies: nuclei, galaxies: starburst}, doi = {10.1051/0004-6361/201526133}, author = {Garcia-Burillo, S. and Combes, F. and Usero, A. and Aalto, S. and Colina, L. and Alonso-Herrero, A. and Hunt, L.~K. and Arribas, S. and Costagliola, F. and Labiano, A. and Neri, R. and Pereira-Santaella, M. and Tacconi, L.~J. and van der Werf, P.~P.} } @article {2014A\&A...567A.125G, title = {{Molecular line emission in NGC 1068 imaged with ALMA. I. An AGN-driven outflow in the dense molecular gas}}, journal = {Astronomy and Astrophysics}, volume = {567}, year = {2014}, month = {jul}, pages = {A125}, abstract = {
Aims: We investigate the fueling and the feedback of star formation and nuclear activity in NGC 1068, a nearby (D = 14 Mpc) Seyfert 2 barred galaxy, by analyzing the distribution and kinematics of the molecular gas in the disk. We aim to understand if and how gas accretion can self-regulate.
Methods: We have used the Atacama Large Millimeter Array (ALMA) to map the emission of a set of dense molecular gas (n(H$_{2}$) {\sime} 10$^{5 - 6}$ cm$^{-3}$) tracers (CO(3-2), CO(6-5), HCN(4-3), HCO$^{+}$(4-3), and CS(7-6)) and their underlying continuum emission in the central r \~{} 2 kpc of NGC 1068 with spatial resolutions \~{}0.3{\Prime} - 0.5{\Prime} (\~{}20-35 pc for the assumed distance of D = 14 Mpc).
Results: The sensitivity and spatial resolution of ALMA give an unprecedented detailed view of the distribution and kinematics of the dense molecular gas (n(H$_{2}$) {\ge} 10$^{5 - 6}$cm$^{-3}$) in NGC 1068. Molecular line and dust continuum emissions are detected from a r \~{} 200 pc off-centered circumnuclear disk (CND), from the 2.6 kpc-diameter bar region, and from the r \~{} 1.3 kpc starburst (SB) ring. Most of the emission in HCO$^{+}$, HCN, and CS stems from the CND. Molecular line ratios show dramatic order-of-magnitude changes inside the CND that are correlated with the UV/X-ray illumination by the active galactic nucleus (AGN), betraying ongoing feedback. We used the dust continuum fluxes measured by ALMA together with NIR/MIR data to constrain the properties of the putative torus using CLUMPY models and found a torus radius of 20$^{+6}$$_{-10}$pc. The Fourier decomposition of the gas velocity field indicates that rotation is perturbed by an inward radial flow in the SB ring and the bar region. However, the gas kinematics from r \~{} 50 pc out to r \~{} 400 pc reveal a massive (M$_{mol}$\~{} 2.7$^{+0.9}$$_{-1.2}$ {\times} 10$^{7}$ M$_{\&sun;}$) outflow in all molecular tracers. The tight correlation between the ionized gas outflow, the radio jet, and the occurrence of outward motions in the disk suggests that the outflow is AGN driven.
Conclusions: The molecular outflow is likely launched when the ionization cone of the narrow line region sweeps the nuclear disk. The outflow rate estimated in the CND, dM/dt\~{} 63$^{+21}$$_{-37}$ M$_{\&sun;}$ yr$^{-1}$, is an order of magnitude higher than the star formation rate at these radii, confirming that the outflow is AGN driven. The power of the AGN is able to account for the estimated momentum and kinetic luminosity of the outflow. The CND mass load rate of the CND outflow implies a very short gas depletion timescale of {\l}e}1 Myr. The CND gas reservoir is likely replenished on longer timescales by efficient gas inflow from the outer disk. Based on observations carried out with ALMA in Cycle 0.}, keywords = {galaxies: individual: NGC 1068, galaxies: ISM, galaxies: kinematics and dynamics, galaxies: nuclei, galaxies: Seyfert, radio lines: galaxies}, doi = {10.1051/0004-6361/201423843}, url = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014A\%26A...567A.125G}, author = {S. Garc{\'\i}a-Burillo and Combes, F. and Usero, A. and Aalto, S. and Krips, M. and Viti, S. and Alonso-Herrero, A. and Hunt, L.~K. and Schinnerer, E. and Baker, A.~J. and Boone, F. and Casasola, V. and Colina, L. and F. Costagliola and Eckart, A. and Fuente, A. and Henkel, C. and Labiano, A. and Mart{\'\i}n, S. and Marquez, I. and Muller, S. and Planesas, P. and Ramos Almeida, C. and Spaans, M. and Tacconi, L.~J. and van der Werf, P.~P.} } @article {218, title = {{Molecular line emission in NGC 1068 imaged with ALMA. I. An AGN-driven outflow in the dense molecular gas}}, journal = {\aap}, volume = {567}, year = {2014}, pages = {A125}, keywords = {galaxies: individual: NGC 1068, galaxies: ISM, galaxies: kinematics and dynamics, galaxies: nuclei, galaxies: Seyfert, radio lines: galaxies}, doi = {10.1051/0004-6361/201423843}, author = {Garcia-Burillo, S. and Combes, F. and Usero, A. and Aalto, S. and Krips, M. and Viti, S. and Alonso-Herrero, A. and Hunt, L.~K. and Schinnerer, E. and Baker, A.~J. and Boone, F. and Casasola, V. and Colina, L. and Costagliola, F. and Eckart, A. and Fuente, A. and Henkel, C. and Labiano, A. and Mart{\'\i}n, S. and Marquez, I. and Muller, S. and Planesas, P. and Ramos Almeida, C. and Spaans, M. and Tacconi, L.~J. and van der Werf, P.~P.} } @article {217, title = {{Molecular line emission in NGC 1068 imaged with ALMA. II. The chemistry of the dense molecular gas}}, journal = {\aap}, volume = {570}, year = {2014}, pages = {A28}, keywords = {galaxies: active, galaxies: individual: NGC 1068, galaxies: ISM, galaxies: nuclei, molecular processes, radio lines: galaxies}, doi = {10.1051/0004-6361/201424116}, author = {Viti, S. and Garcia-Burillo, S. and Fuente, A. and Hunt, L.~K. and Usero, A. and Henkel, C. and Eckart, A. and Mart{\'\i}n, S. and Spaans, M. and Muller, S. and Combes, F. and Krips, M. and Schinnerer, E. and Casasola, V. and Costagliola, F. and Marquez, I. and Planesas, P. and van der Werf, P.~P. and Aalto, S. and Baker, A.~J. and Boone, F. and Tacconi, L.~J.} } @article {2014A\&A...570A..28V, title = {{Molecular line emission in NGC 1068 imaged with ALMA. II. The chemistry of the dense molecular gas}}, journal = {Astronomy and Astrophysics}, volume = {570}, year = {2014}, month = {oct}, pages = {A28}, abstract = {
Aims: We present a detailed analysis of Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA) Bands 7 and 9 data of CO, HCO$^{+}$, HCN, and CS, augmented with Plateau de Bure Interferometer (PdBI) data of the \~{}200 pc circumnuclear disc (CND) and the \~{}1.3 kpc starburst ring (SB ring) of NGC 1068, a nearby (D = 14 Mpc) Seyfert 2 barred galaxy. We aim to determine the physical characteristics of the dense gas present in the CND, and to establish whether the different line intensity ratios we find within the CND, as well as between the CND and the SB ring, are due to excitation effects (gas density and temperature differences) or to a different chemistry.
Methods: We estimate the column densities of each species in local thermodynamic equilibrium (LTE). We then compute large one-dimensional, non-LTE radiative transfer grids (using RADEX) by using only the CO transitions first, and then all the available molecules to constrain the densities, temperatures, and column densities within the CND. We finally present a preliminary set of chemical models to determine the origin of the gas.
Results: We find that, in general, the gas in the CND is very dense ({\gt}10$^{5}$ cm$^{-3}$) and hot (T{\gt} 150 K), with differences especially in the temperature across the CND. The AGN position has the lowest CO/HCO$^{+}$, CO/HCN, and CO/CS column density ratios. The RADEX analyses seem to indicate that there is chemical differentiation across the CND. We also find differences between the chemistry of the SB ring and some regions of the CND; the SB ring is also much colder and less dense than the CND. Chemical modelling does not succeed in reproducing all the molecular ratios with one model per region, suggesting the presence of multi-gas phase components.
Conclusions: The LTE, RADEX, and chemical analyses all indicate that more than one gas-phase component is necessary to uniquely fit all the available molecular ratios within the CND. A higher number of molecular transitions at the ALMA resolution is necessary to determine quantitatively the physical and chemical characteristics of these components. Tables 5-11 are available in electronic form at http://www.aanda.org}, keywords = {galaxies: active, galaxies: individual: NGC 1068, galaxies: ISM, galaxies: nuclei, molecular processes, radio lines: galaxies}, doi = {10.1051/0004-6361/201424116}, url = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014A\%26A...570A..28V}, author = {Viti, S. and S. Garc{\'\i}a-Burillo and Fuente, A. and Hunt, L.~K. and Usero, A. and Henkel, C. and Eckart, A. and Mart{\'\i}n, S. and Spaans, M. and Muller, S. and Combes, F. and Krips, M. and Schinnerer, E. and Casasola, V. and F. Costagliola and Marquez, I. and Planesas, P. and van der Werf, P.~P. and Aalto, S. and Baker, A.~J. and Boone, F. and Tacconi, L.~J.} }